tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81054275187794766502024-03-13T19:56:00.102-07:00Subaltern BlogGLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8105427518779476650.post-88268548592895838162011-03-24T13:21:00.000-07:002011-03-24T13:25:11.553-07:00Chapter 7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> 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locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal">The Other Side of Popular by Gareth Williams, Chapter 7</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Operational Whitewash and Negative Community</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>In this chapter, Williams moves around to many different topics that fall within a subaltern and post-hegemonic realm. In parts I felt kind of lost because of the transition between some of these ideas. He is most interested in this idea of “perhaps”. In quoting Derrida, he states “And there is no more just category for the future than that of the ‘perhaps’. Such a thought conjoins friendship, the future, and perhaps to open on to the coming of what comes – that is to say, necessarily in the regime of a possible whose possibilitization must prevail over the impossible” (275). This idea of perhaps is meant to join together different possibilities rather than whitewash some of these issues. He also goes into the idea of whitewashing to explain some of the ways in which voices of the other and the history of certain nations have been erased in order for progress to happen. When I read this section it made me think about national memory and in particular a book entitled <i style="">States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering</i> by Stanley Cohen. His book deals a lot with the covering up of certain atrocities (genocides) in order to cleanse the past. It seems that whitewashing is not only conducted by a state, but also by the individuals that live within it. This is not to say that the state has less of a role in the covering up of its own past, but there are many players in this system. We must also be interested in the citizens within the country and how they are complicit in these denials. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Williams also speaks about Autrui (which loosely means other) in order to conceptualize how the other is used in many of these cases. He states “As such, perhaps we would have to take into consideration the singular relation between thought and its objects (between intellectual engagement and subaltern affect)…”(288).<span style=""> </span>We need to both feel connected to each other at the same time that we are distinct individuals. <span style=""> </span>I am still a bit confused with how he examines the portraits at the end of this chapter. El infarto del alma (heart attack of the soul) is images of people in an insane asylum in Chile. He argues that it is a “community of those who have no community” (293). <span style=""> </span>He states that it is “the exposure of abject, impoverished, speechless, yet dignified commonalities grounded in subaltern affect that challenge and undermine the notion of intellectual work and, indeed, make such a notion withdraw before its uncomfortable relations to abject love against all odds and without apparent reason” (295). He, in effect, argues that these images challenge the naturalness of genealogy. I supposed I get confused with what he is trying to argue overall. I think that he is trying to present this as an alternative to the ways in which we think about history and what is natural. These people do not live within a normal community and yet still seem to have a vibrant one within the walls of their asylum. Perhaps we need to challenge some notions of what it means to be normal as well as who gets to be represented in history. He states “Thus we are exposed to the demand to establish critical relations with subaltern affect that do not ground themselves in nor reproduce historically constituted (colonial, national, imperial, or neoliberal) notions of a subsistent ground or of a common measure for being-in-common” (301).<span style=""> </span>It challenges what it means to be in common. </p>GLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8105427518779476650.post-87230278091089649642011-03-17T08:42:00.000-07:002011-03-17T11:44:36.655-07:00Abstract for paper<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" id="internal-source-marker_0.9912966678552555"></span><br /><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Lynndie England’s famous photograph of her pointing at nude prisoners in Abu Ghraib prison with her<br />thumbs up, cigarette in mouth, and a smile on her face has become an icon of torture on the Internet. If<br />one types in “doing a Lynndie” on Google, hundreds of images appear of people in the same pose pointing at an assortment of objects and people. England has become a notorious public figure, but little is popularly known about her as a person. This paper examines the production of the affective atmosphere surrounding England’s image and its growth as an Internet meme. Importantly, this paper also look at the effects of the production of this image on her life after the Abu Ghraib scandal. This paper is most concerned about the affective nature of images and how they can create multiple meaning and material effects for both the individuals in the image and the repetition and parody by others. Throughout the paper, this paper uses and challenge notions of the subaltern in order to explore the many nuances of power within her story. We argue that while England is considered the oppressor of those being tortured at Abu Ghraib, she is part of a system of domination that simultaneously dominates her life. She, in some regards, is part of a subaltern group as well. Her image is frozen in time as an instigator of torture and yet larger systems of gendered oppression remain unchallenged. Also, her image has transcended beyond the scandal and has become a parody on the internet. This paper argues that while the Internet can be liberating in terms of challenging systems of domination, it can also reinforce them through de-contextualization. </span>GLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8105427518779476650.post-55641609678437117252011-03-03T08:28:00.001-08:002011-03-03T08:28:49.196-08:00Sex<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> 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mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal">Sean Watkins</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Affective Communities: Anticolonial Thought, Fin-De-Siecle Radicalism, and the Politics of Friendship by Leela Gandhi</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Chapter 3<span style=""> </span>Sex: The story of Late Victorian Homosexual Exceptionalism </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>This week I am going to focus on the discussion of Darwinism and late Victorian understandings of homosexuality. She argues that “Replacing the disciplinary parameters of biology with those of anthropology, Darwin’s Descent consoled his agitated readers through two concessions: first, by restoring Man to narrative centrality, and retelling the story of evolution from his perspective, and second, by foregrounding those unique features of human existence exempt, in some measure, from the leveling laws of natural selection” (47). Here, we see the origins of the scientific classification of justified difference. Sexuality and race were put into hierarchical systems that were predetermined through evolutionary means. It makes me think about the ways in which historians have tried in the past to justify certain forms of cultural exceptionalism. Throughout this chapter we can see how sexual ‘deviants’ are forced into specific categories that are lower than those who follow the true evolutionary chain. Both the homosexual and the savage “were exiled to the desert surrounding the heavily policed oasis of western heteronormative civilization, and in the ideological mirages to which this deser was prone, their features slowly began to merge into each other so that no one could any longer say for certain who was the ‘real’ homosexual or who was the ‘true’ savage”(83). There was this othered position for people who did not fit into the sexual norms of the time and it was justified through science.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Not to get onto a tangent, but this entire chapter brings to light the importance of putting science up to a critical lens. I feel that people are not taught enough in school about these historical events that have helped us to construct a certain view on science and humanity. Many of these themes have caused incredibly strife and hardship simply because we believe that “science” is the objective truth. Perhaps there needs to be more discussion about these issues in order to really push citizens to think about some of these truths they have taken for granted for so long. In particular, we understand that race and ideas of the subaltern have been perpetuated through science. Science believed that there were major differences between races which justified the subjugation of large populations and we have mostly moved past that time period, but are we still questioning these fields as much as critical studies are questioned? This is not to say that we shouldn’t be questioning ourselves as well, but here I argue that we need to be even more self-reflexive now that we have the tools to do so. While this is incredibly hard to do, we need to challenge the power of the sciences in order to be able to question the legitimacy of their findings. At the very least, we should understand why there is so much more credit given to certain disciplines than others and contextualize this for our time period. </p>GLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8105427518779476650.post-81521273100015171642011-02-17T07:05:00.001-08:002011-02-17T07:10:15.253-08:00Second Paper<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> 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mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal">Sean Watkins</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Second paper</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;">The past few weeks have been incredibly important for my growth as an academic. I have begun to think about several different ways for me to connect to my own work. Several projects that have been stuck on hold have started to emerge as viable pieces of academic work. It is interesting to understand affect in terms of connections between bodies or ideas and watch them organically grown in your own life. Here, I think it is important to talk about the connection between one’s work and life. In my short communication experience, I have been exposed to many debates over the objective vs subjective nature of academia. Scholars create binaries between these ideas in order to distinguish themselves from each other- I blame capitalism, but I suppose ego (shall I be daring and also connect this to patriarchy?) can be thrown into the mix as well. Anyway, critical scholars have gone the route of subjectivity in their epistemological understandings of the world. We connect to our work in varying levels. Often there is debate within how far we can connect to our work. Ethnography is fine, but autoethnography pushes the boundary too far! There is a limit to how much we are allowed to talk about ourselves in our work, because otherwise it becomes too much about ourselves. I tend to agree with this, but at the same time our work is something that is a part of us. The further invested I become in my work, the more my body responds to it. I wake up with knots in my shoulders the more stressed out I become. Probyn really brings up some significant points to the shame of writing. She argues that: "My argument here is about writing shame, a phrase I use to capture both the affective, bodily feeling of betraying interest, and also about how we might envision writing shame as part of an ethical practice" (73). The ethical practice, for me at least, is the idea that my work will eventually get the point to where it can directly inform large groups of people. I feel like I have two forces going on in my head at the same time. The first is the activist, idealistic, ‘who gives a shit’ attitude that wants to push the boundaries of academics. This part of me wants to do important work that reaches a great deal of people, it doesn’t care about getting a job in order to pay the bills, and it isn’t afraid to stand up against unnecessary abstractions that push us further from praxis. The other half is scared that I am an imposter, and that I am only doing this because I can afford to and that the second I have real responsibilities (family, large SUVs) that I will abandon my principles and get a job teaching public speaking. <span style=""> </span>I feel this battle and it physically hurts me. However, it seems the danger of this is to forget our areas of study and simply talk about ourselves. It sometimes shames me that I complain about my own position when people have it much worse off. I know that ‘worse’ is truly subjective, but there needs to be a balance or at least a connection between our suffering as academics and the suffering of those we write about. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style=""> </span>With this, I think it is important to point out the affect we feel toward other’s work. Here, I use the term affect to mean emotional connection. While reading <i style="">Logics of Empowerment – Development, Gender, and Governance in Neoliberal India </i>by Aradhana Sharma, I got really excited because she was doing the type of work that I think would be most useful to me. While her theoretical work seemed a bit pieced together, it helped me to better understand my own position to nonprofit work. I feel like we are all being taught to pull together theories rather than create our own. Some of our mentors push us toward thinking in binaries and through the voices of white dead men rather than come up with new and fresh ideas. It makes me think of how Stuart Hall talks about how we sometimes need to abandon theory because it no longer works in certain cases. I know some of this sounds harsh and by no means do I want to blame ALL mentors, but it seems that part of the game is to please your superiors. However, Sharma does an amazing job of connecting her experiences to greater issues in Indian society as well as the neo-liberal market. While I don’t always agree with all of her interpretations, I felt myself being pulled to this book because I could tell that she was grappling with the same sorts of issues that I have been for the past few years. I found her chapter on looking at the MS workers to be really significant to my own work. She questions: “How does mobilizing empowerment on the ground affect the self-image and work lives of MS personnel and alter the very meaning of empowerment?” (62). To her, empowerment is directly connected to the minds and bodies of MS workers. I would really like to interview the people the work at the Medical Foundation in order to get at some of these complexities. I was recently given permission to start talking to the webmaster at my organization. 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mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 200%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Works Cited </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gregg, Melissa, and Gregory J. Seigworth, eds. <i>The Affect Theory Reader</i>. Durham [N.C.: Duke UP, 2010. Print. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sharma, Aradhana. <i>Logics of Empowerment: Development, Gender, and Governance in Neoliberal India</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2008. Print. </span></p>GLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8105427518779476650.post-12863157962110851772011-02-17T05:06:00.000-08:002011-02-17T05:56:23.387-08:00Affect Theory - chapter 3Writing Shame By Elspeth Probyn<br /><br />I will write more about this in my two page piece of brilliance, but after reading this chapter for a second time it really hit a cord with me. She calls it writing shame, but perhaps I look at it as academic shame. There is an emotional burden that some of us have, epsecially in dealing with the importance and relevance of our work. The idea that we have responsibility beyond the walls of the ivory tower is a feeling that is sometimes unbearable.<br /><br /><ul><li>She starts by talking about Darwin and his many illnesses related to writing.<br /></li><li>The author then relates it to her own troubles with writing.<br /></li><li>"My argument here is about writing shame, a prhase I use to capture both the affective, bodily feeling of betraying interest, and also about how we might envision writing shame as part of an ethical practice" (73).</li><li>"How can you represent a sense of emotional and affective intensity if the feeling in question is generalized in the amorphous category of Affect?" (74).</li><li>We need to talk about different types of affects!</li><li>Compares Foucault with Stephen King in terms of the relationship between words and things.</li><li>King was shamed by his teacher for writing junk.</li><li>To King, honest writing is writing that attempts to connect to meaning.</li><li>Writing affects bodies.</li><li>She goes into talking about Deleuze and his description of T.E. Lawrence and his connection to shame and glory.</li><li>Lawrence as "the subjective disposition"<br /></li><li>Shame and the body becomes the same thing.<br /></li><li>To describe Lawrence, Deleuze uses a quote from Kafka "It was as if the shame of it must outlive him" (82).</li><li>Primo Levi's experience of being in Auschiwitz and his eventually supposed suicide encompasses his shame of writing about his life.</li><li>He thought it was wrong to write for oneself.<br /></li><li>He didn't really talk about emotion or affect - there was not enough time in the camps for this.<br /></li><li>"The blush of having failed to connect with readers should compel any writer to return to the page with renewed desire to do better - to get better- at this task of communicating that some of us take on" (89).<br /></li></ul>GLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8105427518779476650.post-45608518713394998052011-02-10T05:58:00.000-08:002011-02-10T05:59:18.463-08:00Sharma Chapter 3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> 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mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal">Logics of Empowerment – Development, Gender, and Governance in Neoliberal India by Aradhana Sharma</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Chapter 3 – Empowering Moves: Paradoxes, Subversions, Dangers</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This chapter is really interesting because the author moves inside of the GONGO in order to talk about the experiences of those who work for MS. I find this to be very useful because in my own work I would like to talk to those who work for a nonprofit because their experiences help us to better understand the neo-liberal market and the plight of the nonprofit. This is an interesting case because the nonprofit bleeds into a governmental organization that both hurts and helps those workers. What is fascinating is the way in which power flows between the workers, clients and governments. It seems that everyone is vying for some sort of power, and they all have some power, but some actors automatically are in ‘charge’ or at least they think they are. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Importantly, empowerment programs effect both the lives of the clients AND those who work for the organization</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>It is interesting to look at the workers as a space between the all powerful state actors and the subaltern classes. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“How does mobilizing empowerment on the ground affect the self-image and work lives of MS personnel and alter the very meaning of empowerment?” (62) </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Field level personnel often use MS as a governmental organization or a nonprofit depending on their needs on the ground. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Workers at MS have to define their work identities in different situations.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>They have to decide on how to identify the work program in different situations. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>She argues that working for empowerment groups is a double-edged sword. It has the potential to deradicalized empowerment, but at the same time empowerment is always about politics so it is always inherently political.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Almost all workers at MS are women.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>MS workers try and distance themselves from the idea of state bureaucracy.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The workers are denied certain benefits of state workers because they are not truly part of the governmental system. In this way they are exploited by the government. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The workers understood the benefits and slights they would get as a nonprofit. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>MS workers have tried to unionize, but their efforts were crushed by the government. If they had won, other development projects workers would have demanded similar benefits. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The author observes different situations in which MS workers describe themselves as either an NGO or a GO depending on what they need. Sometimes this would backfire, like when they needed a place to rent and they were asked for more money than it was worth. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Interestingly, while the program is qualitative in nature, quantitative strategies are used sometimes to get people to participate like counting people in villages.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Even though they sometimes used different identities, they most often saw themselves as working for an impassioned NGO.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=""> </span>However, they were not allowed to participate in antistate struggles by subaltern women.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>They would get around this by taking days off or supporting the subaltern people in alternative ways (buying food, etc)</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>She goes into the nature of state agencies and the caste system in India and how it prevents MS from successfully doing their job. She explains stories of MS workers being attacked or raped by upper class caste members and having trouble trying to bring them to justice. The social class system creates a significant problem to their empowerment work. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.15pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>She argues that the overall system both empowers and control MS workers simultaneously. </p>GLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8105427518779476650.post-60776763876169328802011-02-03T06:17:00.001-08:002011-02-03T06:17:49.973-08:00First Paper<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:donotshowrevisions/> <w:donotprintrevisions/> <w:donotshowmarkup/> <w:donotshowcomments/> <w:donotshowinsertionsanddeletions/> <w:donotshowpropertychanges/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> 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priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sean Watkins<span style=""> </span>Subaltern</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">For the past few weeks, we have been discussing issues of subalternity and affect. I have some experience with subaltern studies, especially in terms of Spivak, but very little with affect theory. In reading for class, I have been struggling with these ideas on many levels. The main struggle, I think, is whether or not I find any of these concepts useful. Subaltern studies has a long and important history and many of the ideas dealing with representation (which I will discuss later) are useful to my dissertation, however, I am still not convinced that examining groups as if they were subaltern is really all that useful. Firstly, it seems that the status of subalternity is often placed upon groups by the academic. I find this troubling because this may limit the ways in which we study power. Homi bhabha complicates these issues with his concept of hybridity (Beverley 16), however he still works within the paradigm of the subaltern. Perhaps rather than asking, can the subaltern speak, we should ask the important question; what counts as speaking? Secondly, the subaltern moniker can be perceived as being condescending. Does anyone really want to be called the subaltern? Would I self identify as being the subaltern? To call someone subaltern is to imply that they do not have power or voice in the current systems of power and dominance. Some may say that there are obvious groups that are struggling in the neo-liberal capitalistic system, however, this assumes a great deal. If we are to use the term subaltern at all, should it be something that a group self-indentifies as? Thirdly, it seems that subaltern studies have done little to create accessible theory or practical advice to those they are studying. I am by no means an expert on subaltern studies, but I highly doubt that the unnecessarily complicated jargon of a Spivak has directly helped any marginalized groups. Perhaps she has helped to confuse many a scholar, and caused many hours of translating her ideas, but how have scholars like Spivak interacted with those they consider subaltern? How does the subaltern benefit from our scholarship? And if they don’t benefit, why do we do it? These questions and observations are only my initial feelings for subaltern studies. I am not set in stone with anything, but it seems that a lot of these questions need to be addressed in the next few weeks if I am to find these scholars directly useful. The other side of the coin, affective studies also seems to be as, if not more, confusing, but simultaneously, I find it to be almost more useful. As we have done the readings for class, I keep thinking back to a chapter I read in <i style="">Parables of the Virtual</i>. Massumi argues that we should look at modulations rather than binaries or hybridities. I find this to be a really useful way of better understanding issues of power in different texts. However, affective theory seems to have many different twists and turns without much grounding. Similarly to subaltern studies, I tend to pick and choose what fits my own work. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">In examining representation of nonprofit clients, it seems that subaltern studies will be useful in terms of its own history and yet it makes me wonder if I should also be looking elsewhere for different interpretations of representation throughout the world. When I was reading John Beverely’s <i style="">Subaltern and Representation: Arguments in Cultural Theory</i>, I noticed that he had cited a lot of the same scholars that I had been using in older literature reviews of representation. Scholars like Guha, Bhabha, and Spivak used Gramsci and other western scholars to build their concepts of the subaltern. Interestingly, to contrast this with Chakrabarty’s work, there seems to be this desire to use theory that comes out of Marxist scholars, but at the same time talk about the unique situation of the Indian community. Chakrabarty’s is interested in how modernism has effected India differently than in western countries because of the long struggle between British and traditional Indian culture. In his chapter about the khadi, he argues that, while perhaps not conscious of it, Indian politicians and the public were constantly grabbling with different symbols of western (the idea of the modern politician) and Indian ideologies (specifically those that stem from Gandhi about the public nature of a politician) <span style=""> </span>that are often mashed together. To Chakrabarty these tensions, I think, are important because it represents the current identities of those that live in India today. Importantly, we mustn’t forget these origins or else the Indian people will lose an important part of their identity that makes them distinct (Chakrabarty 62). These chapters made me think about talking about the subaltern from a western paradigm. While many subaltern scholars have adapted western theory under their own thoughts, perhaps we need to look at some of these symbols of power in deeper ways. Maybe we need to push ourselves to look outside of the western tradition in order to better situate the ways in which we understand the world today. This is especially important for international nonprofits because they have to deal with people from all over the world. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 200%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Works Cited </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Beverley, John. <i>Subalternity and Representation Arguments in Cultural Theory</i>. Durham [u.a.: Duke Univ. Pr., 2004. Print. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chakrabarty, Dipesh. <i>Habitations of Modernity: Essays in the Wake of Subaltern Studies</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2002. Print. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Massumi, Brian. <i>Parables for the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation</i>. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2002. Print. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></p>GLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8105427518779476650.post-73341033967349727162011-02-03T06:13:00.000-08:002011-02-03T06:15:44.342-08:00Chakrabarty<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:donotshowrevisions/> <w:donotprintrevisions/> <w:donotshowmarkup/> <w:donotshowcomments/> <w:donotshowinsertionsanddeletions/> <w:donotshowpropertychanges/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal">Habitations of Modernity: Essays in the Wake of Subaltern Studies</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Chapter<span style=""> </span>4 Khadi and the Political Man<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>I found this chapter to be really interesting, especially with how he talked about the deeper meaning associated with symbolic clothing. Perhaps this can be related to affect? While we may not be conscious of these meanings it is still a part of (at least a certain generation's) identity and paradigms. <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Chakrabarty is interested in examining the Indian politicians body (normally a male) and the historical background behind the construct of the body, the khadi, and modern corruption in India</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Originally, the khadi came out of Gandhi’s interest in abandoning British dress in order to claim a more Indian nationalistic feeling. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>However, he emphasizes that there are never single readings of any text and that there are long historical meanings connected to even things seemingly as simple as clothing. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>He explains a story of two Bengal Provincial congress Committee members and how one wore a stylish khadi while the other wore the khadi as a symbol of devotion to economic nationalism – the stylish one got made fun of.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Now, the khadi represents either thoughtless habit or callous hypocrisy.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“The khadi-clad politician is usually seen today as ‘corrupt,’ khadi itself as a dead giveaway, as the uniform of the rogue, as something like the hypocritical gesture of one who<span style=""> </span>pretests too much” (53).</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>If this is the only reading, than why is the khadi still so popular (or at least the color white) in India today?</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>He wants to read it in another way, as if the khadi is as if it wasn’t mean to convince.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>When someone wears this clothing, they are not always aware of the meanings connected to it. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>He is interested in alternative readings of texts in order to understand the heterogeneity of cultural practices that makes Indian modernity different. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The body was incredibly important during colonial times- there was a connection between character, the body, and modern public life. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Physical strength was seen as important and a trait associated with British. Gandhi was even tempted into eating goat meat in order to become stronger. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Gandhi moved the issue of character from physical strength to piousness and control of the body.</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>For him, nonviolence was connected to the body. Aggression was connected to male lust, while nonviolence needed love (the destruction of self-love/sexuality).</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Ghandhi wrote the only confessional autobiography by an Indian politician. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=""> </span>Rather than looking at the confessional as being the self explaining itself to an all-knowing god, Ghandi experimented, and was open and uncertain. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>He wanted to build a modern public life. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>He also shunned the idea of privacy. A politician should be open for all to see. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“The Gandhian private is nonnarratable and nonrepresentable. Not that it doesn’t exists, but it is beyond representation, and it dies with the body itself” (62). </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style=""> </span>There are three lines of tension – 1 – transparent government needs to both publically and privately open, 2- the moral claim to representation should go with the ideal of politics as a profession, 3- there is a tension between renunciation and capital accumulation. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>He reads the khadi as a condensed statement of the tensions between colonial modernity and capitalism.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The khadi still represents a specific Indian modernity that is important in distinguishing it from European capitalistic ideologies. </p>GLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8105427518779476650.post-56223847624393451092011-01-27T08:52:00.000-08:002011-01-27T09:00:17.441-08:00Beverly Chapter 4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> 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{mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal">Beverley Chapter 4 </p> <p class="MsoNormal">“Hybrid or Binary? On the Category of “the People” in Subaltern and Cultural Studies”</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">This chapter was super interesting and made a lot more sense with the second reading. The part I find to be really intriguing is his bit on Cultural Studies as being built within a certain economic period.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">He states: <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:splitpgbreakandparamark/> <w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/> <w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:word11kerningpairs/> <w:cachedcolbalance/> </w:Compatibility> 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mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“That is because cultural studies is itself in part the consequence of the deconstructive impact of capitalist mass culture on the human sciences via the same process of comodification that postmodernist aesthetic ideology celebrates (or diagnoses) in its sense of the breakdown of the distinction between high and mass culture” (109).</p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">sf It is incredibly interesting to think of cultural studies as being part of a long history of the Popular Front and this debate between the heterogeneity of the popular. Beverly's history really puts into perspective the long course of subaltern studies.<br /></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> So, some questions:</p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> Are we in a post-hegemonic age? How can we examine subaltern studies from a non-binary perspective? If no one can get out of ideology, then how should we study these texts?<br /></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="">Ranajit Guha</b> adds to his definition of the subaltern by saying “We recognize of course that subordination cannot be understood except as one of the constitutive terms in a binary relationship of which the other is dominance” (85). </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Inherently, he creates a binary relationship for the subaltern group and the dominant one. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>On the other hand, <b style="">Homi Bhabha</b> argues that resistance comes out of the margins of fixed identity. “The complex strategies of cultural identification and discourse address that function in the name of ‘the people’ or ‘the nation’” are “More hybrid in the articulations of cultural differences and identifications-gender, race or class-than can be represented in any hierarchical or binary structuring of social antagonism” (86). </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>So is a subaltern identity hybrid or binary?</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“Isn’t the whole point, as the passages above suggest, to undo the binary taxonomies that were instituted by previous forms of colonial or class power?” (87)</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Guha notes that colonial elite can be subdivided into 3 categories:</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Dominant foreign groups</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Dominant indigenous groups</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Elites at regional or local levels</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>So, already there are some holes in Guha’s argument. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“As Spivak notes, Guha’s identification of the people and the subaltern is the product of what is in effect a subtraction, rather than a positive identity that is internal to the people-as-subaltern” <span style=""> </span>(88). </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Guha uses the term ‘the people’ which stems from the Popular Front (led by 1935 Bulgarian communist leader Georgi Dimitrov – it wanted to fixs the error of class against class line during the depression)</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“To combat the rise of fascism, Dimitrov argued, the broadest possible unity of democratic forces was needed, which required alliances with a wide variety of social forces, organizations, and political parties” (89). </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>For Dimitrov – the category of the people is heterogeneous rather than unitary. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>He wanted a United Front style of government. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Is the problem the idea of hegemony? – this is important</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“For Bhabha it is precisely the arbitrary or “ungrounded” character of signification revealed by semiotic and structuralist theory that permits subaltern resistance in the first place” (98).</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Bhabha speaks of a third space, “which represents both the general conditions of language and the specific implications of the utterance in a performative and institutional strategy.” The third space is the hybrid space. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The subaltern knows that power is an effect of the signifier, if it didn’t it wouldn’t resist. – SUPER INTERESTING! </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“The negation of the dominant ideology is accompanied at the same time by the composition of another ideology, which posits as authoritative, authentic, and true other forms of identity, custom, value, territoriality, and history” (100). </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Spivak – subaltern studies cannot produce the subaltern as a full presence. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>For Spivak – subaltern studies can happen only in a process of continuous deconstruction that subverts binaries. </p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Can subaltern studies contribute to a new form of hegemony from below?</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Cultural studies - “The popular front Marxism was more congenial to the development of cultural studies than Frankfurt School critical theory” (106).</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family:Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>“That is because cultural studies is itself in part the consequence of the deconstructive impact of capitalist mass culture on the human sciences via the same process of comodification that postmodernist aesthetic ideology celebrates (or diagnoses) in its sense of the breakdown of the distinction between high and mass culture” (109).</p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"> </p>GLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8105427518779476650.post-41477126265665472862011-01-20T08:07:00.000-08:002011-01-20T08:38:11.585-08:00Subaltern what?I never realized how complicated subaltern studies was until I read some of the articles for today's class. My own understanding of the field was through readings of Spivak and Bhabha in my undergraduate theory classes. I find it interesting that the history of subaltern studies wasn't really emphasized, especially in terms of the connection to the Indian academic movement. If anything, we would read a bit by Gramsci, some Indian writers and not really make any connections between the different schools of thought within the field.<br /><br />I found both of the readings for this week to be difficult for different reasons. Patnaik seems to weave together a lot of the history surrounding the grown of a subaltern ideology, specifically the growth into Gramsci. I found it really interesting when he was discussing how the enlightenment viewed the lower classes. It made me think of Plato and the idea of the philosopher kings being the only ones that should be able to control the government and leadership. Even Aristotle believed that only certain groups of people should be able to voice their opinions in a democracy. The western enlightenment, which is so celebrated by American history, actually was very harmful in many ways. Specifically here, the enlightenment pushed the subaltern completely out of the picture. Only the brightest and those that could understand philosophy, art and science could possibly have anything useful to say or experience.<br /><br />The part that I get a little bit confused with is the idea of common sense. I kind of feel like the article jumped around with the narrative about the people in India with the goats. It was interesting that the people were not listened to, even though they were right, but I am confused about the idea of original thought and common sense. This may be because I read this article too quickly, but it seems like his critique is set up against Marx because Marx was too centered on enlightenment ideologies, but through Gramsci we can overcome some of these shortcomings. He talks about praxis and hegemony, but perhaps I need to re-read in order to understand this better.<br /><br />The second reading, the Ludden introduction was full of many typos that were kind of distracting. However, the historical background was very useful. I think it would be good to talk about this out loud in class because it got very complicated with the different schools of thought within subaltern studies. It would be nice to see some sort of timeline that would help us bring these ideas together. It seems that perhaps subaltern studies is hindered by the amount of in group out group politics going on. One got the feeling that scholars were very interested in placing themselves within certain schools of thought. I don't know how useful this is to an overall subaltern project.<br /><br />Some thoughts:<br /><br />I am interested in how Edward Said's Orientalism plays a role in all of this. I know that subaltern studies is partially in response to post-colonial studies, but how do these theories work(or not work) together? <br /><br />How was Marx used or ignored by Indian subaltern scholars?<br /><br />How does cultural studies view subaltern thought today?GLANTERN43http://www.blogger.com/profile/04420179067109936974noreply@blogger.com0